第4部分：閱讀理解(第31-45題,每題3分,共45分)

下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道題，請根據短文內容，為每題確定1個最佳選項。

第一篇

Late-night Drinking

Coffee lovers, be careful. Having a quick “pick-me-up” cup of coffee late in the day will interrupt your sleep. As well as being a stimulant (興奮劑)，caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin (褪黑激素),the brain hormone that sends people Into a sleep.

Melatonin levels normally start to rise about two hours before bedtime. Levels then peak between 2 am and 4 am, before falling again. “It’s the neurohormone (神經激素)that controls our sleep and tells our body when to sleep and when to wake,” says Maurice Ohayon of the Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center at Stanford University in California. But researchers in Israel have found that caffeinated coffee halves the body’s levels of this sleep hormone.

Lotan Shilo and a team at the Sapir Medical Center in Tel Aviv University found that six volunteers slept less well after a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of decaf (脫咖啡因咖啡).On average, subjects slept 336 minutes per night after drinking caffeinated coffee, compared with 415 minutes after decaf. They also took half an hour to drop off, twice as long as usual.

In the second phase of the experiment, the researchers woke the volunteers every three hours and asked them to give a urine (尿)sample. Shilo measured concentrations of a breakdown product of melatonin. The results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers. In a paper accepted for publication in Sleep Medicine，the researchers suggest that caffeine blocks production of the enzyme (酶) that drives melatonin production.

Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body, Ohayon recommends that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch.

31 The author mentions “ pick-me-up” to indicate that______.

A melatonin levels need to be raised

B neurohormone can wake us up

C coffee is a stimulant

D caffeine can balance our brain hormone

答案：C

解析：文中第一段第二句提到 “Having a quick “pick-me-up” cup of coffee late in the day will interrupt your sleep”，說明在一天中的晚些時候喝一杯提神咖啡會影響睡眠。所以答案為 C。

32 Which of the following tells us how caffeine affects sleep?

A It blocks production of the enzyme that stops melatonin production.

B It interrupts the flow of the hormone that prevents people from sleeping.

C It halves the body’s levels of sleep hormone.

D It stays in the body for many hours.

答案：C

解析：文中第二段最后一句提到 “But researchers in Israel have found that caffeinated coffee halves the body’s levels of this sleep hormone”，說明以色列研究界發現含咖啡因的咖啡使體內的褪黑激素減半，所以答案為C。

33 What does Paragraph 3 mainly discuss?

A Different effects of caffeinated coffee and decaf on sleep.

B Lotan Shilo’s research design on sleep.

C What the subjects did after drinking decaf at night.

D Why some subjects took half an hour to fall asleep.

答案：A

解析：第三段介紹了 Lotan Shilo和他的小組發現六名自愿者在喝了含咖啡因的咖啡之后的睡眠質量比喝了不含咖啡因的咖啡之后要差，受試者在喝了含咖啡因的咖啡;平均每晚睡336分鐘，而喝了不含咖啡因的咖啡后睡415分鐘。所以，這段主要講的是含咖啡因的咖啡與不含咖啡因的咖啡對睡眠的不同影響，答案是A。

34 The experiment mentioned in Paragraph 4 finds that caffeine drinkers______.

A sleep longer than decaf drinkers

B produce more urine at night

C wake up every three hours

D produce less melatonin

答案：D

解析：文中第四段第二句提到 “The results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffcinc drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers”，說明喝含咖啡因咖啡的人褪黑激素的濃度是喝 了不含咖啡因咖啡的人的一半，所以答案是D。

35 Ohayon advises coffee lovers ______.

A to take decaf after lunch

B to drink less coffee during the day

C not to go to bed after taking coffee

D not to drink coffee after supper

答案：A

解析：文中第五段提到 “Ohayon recommcnds that coffce lovers switch to decaf after lunch”， 說明Ohayon建議愛喝咖啡的人午餐喝不含咖啡因的咖啡，因此答案是A。C全文都在講芭蕾的發展歷程。

第二篇

The Development of Ballet

Ballet is a dance form that has a long history. The fact that it survives to this day shows that it has adjusted as times have changed.

Ballet began in the royal courts during the Renaissance. At that time it became common for kings and queens，as well as other nobility (貴族)，to participate in pageants that included music, poetry and dance. As these entertainments moved from the Italian courts to the French ones, court ladles began participating in them. Though their long dresses prevented much movement, they were able to perform elaborate (復雜的)walking patterns. It was not until the 1600s that women dancers shortened their skirts, changed to flat shoes, and began doing some of the leaps and turns performed by men.

It was also in the 1600s that professional ballet began. King Louis XIV of France, himself a devoted dancer, founded the Royal Academy of Dance. The five basic feet positions from which all ballet steps begin were finalized. In the late 1700s another important change occurred. Ballet began to tell a story on its own. It was no longer simply dance to be performed between acts of plays. Elaborate wigs (假發)and costumes were eliminated. By the early 1800s dancers learned to rise on their toes to make it appear that they were floating.

Classical ballet as we know today was influenced primarily by Russian dancing. The Russians remained interested in ballet when it declined in other European countries in the mld-1800s. One of the most Influential figures of the early 20th century was Sergei Diaghilev. His dance company, the Ballets Russes, brought a new energy and excitement to ballet. One of his chief assistants, George Balanchine, went on to found the New York City Ballet in 1948 and to influence new generations of dancers.

36 This passage deals mainly with_____.

A famous names in ballet

B Russian ballet

C how ballet has developed

D why ballet is no longer popular

答案：C

解析：C全文都在講芭蕾的發展歷程。

37 The word “pageants” in Paragraph 2 means_______.

A dances

B instructions

C royal courts

D big shows

答案：D

解析：D通過前后文得出pageants包括了 music, poetry和dance，可知該題的意思可能是一 包含這些藝術形式的表演，這個同的實際意義是“盛大的慶典”。或者通過排除法也可輕松排除其他三個答案，從而選出正確答案。

38 Professional ballet was first performed in ______.

A Italy

B France

C Russia

D America

答案：B

解析：B第三段的第一、二句It was also in the 1600s that professional ballet began. King Louis XIV of France，himself a devoted dancer，founded the Royal Acadcmy of Dance.由此司以得出答案是B項。

39 Who had an important influence on early ballet?

A Balanchine.

B Antoinette.

C Diaghilev.

D Louis XIV.

答案：D

解析：芭蕾按發展歷程分可分為早期芭蕾和經典芭蕾。A、B、C項中的人物都是經典芭蕾時期的，只有D項中的Louis XIV是對早期芭蕾產生了重要影響。

40 We can conclude from this passage that ballet .

A is a dying art

B will continue to change

C is currently performed only in Russia

D is often performed by dancers with little training

答案：B

解析：由第一段可知，芭蕾之所以到現在還長盛不衰，是因為多年來一直根據流行趨勢在調整和發展，因此B項正確，同時可知A項錯誤。芭蕾舞在世界各地都有表演，因此C 項錯誤。芭蕾舞演員需要專業訓練，可知D項錯誤。

第三篇

The World’s Best - Selling Medicine

Since ancient times, people all over the world have used willow to stop pain. The willow tree contains salicylic acid (水楊酸) This stops pain, but there is one problem. Salicylic acid also hurts the stomach, in 1853, a French scientist made a mixture from willow that did not hurt the stomach. However, his mixture was difficult to make, and he did not try to produce or sell it.

In 1897，in Germany, Felix Hoffmann also made a mixture with salicylic acid. He tried it himself first and then gave it to his father because his father was old and in a lot of pain. His father’s pain went away, and the mixture did not hurt his stomach.

Hoffmann worked for Bayer, a German company. He showed his new drag to his manager, who tested the drag and found that it worked well. Bayer decided to make the drug. They called it aspirin and put the Bayer name on every pill.

Aspirin was an immediate success. Almost everyone has pain of some kind, so aspirin answered a true need. Aspirin was cheap, easy to take, and effective. It also lowered fevers. Aspirin was a wonder drug.

At first，Bayer sold the drug through doctors, who then sold it to their patients. In 1915, the company started to sell aspirin in drugstores. In the United States, Bayer had a patent (專利權)on the drag. Other companies could make similar products and sell them in other countries, but only Bayer could make and sell aspirin in the United States. In time, Bayer could no longer own the name aspirin in the United States. Other companies could make it there, too. However, Bayer aspirin was the most well known, and for many years, it was the market leader.

By the 1950s, new painkillers were on the market. Aspirin was no longer the only way to treat pain and reduce fever. Bayer and other companies looked for other drugs to make. However, in the 1970s they got a surprise. Doctors noticed that patients who were taking aspirin had fewer heart attacks than other people. A British researcher named John Vane found the reason aspirin helped to prevent heart attacks. In 1982, he won the Nobel Prize for his research. Doctors started to tell some of their patients to take aspirin every day to prevent heart attacks. It has made life better for the many people who take it. It has also made a lot of money for companies like Bayer that produce and sell it!

41 Why didn't the French scientist continue to make the medicine that stopped pain?

A It didn't work well.

B It hurt the stomach.

C It was hard to make.

D It was not cost-effective.

答案：C

解析：文中第一段最后一句話提到 “However，his mixture was difficult to make, and he did not try to produce or sell it”，可以看出他是因為困難所以停止，因此答案是C。

42 Why was Felix Hoffmann looking for a painkiller?

A His company told him to do that.

B His father was in pain.

C He wanted to make a lot of money.

D He suffered from headache.

答案：B

解析：文中第二段第二句話提到 “He tried it himself first and then gave it to his father because his father was old and in a lot of pain”，可以看出他制藥是因為他父親在承受疼痛，因此答案是B。

43 Bayer started making aspirin because_______.

A it worked well in stopping pain

B it helped prevent heart attacks

C other companies were making it

D the manager was a scientist

答案：A

解析：依據可見文中第三段。

44 Bayer aspirin was_______.

A the only drug with the name “aspirin”

B not sold in drugstores in 1915

C the first aspirin sold in the United States

D not easy to find in drugstores

答案：C

解析：文中第五段第三句提到 “In the United States, Bayer had a patent (專利權)on the drug”，可以看是美國第一家賣阿司匹林的，所以答案選C。

45 What has happened to aspirin since new painkillers came on the market?

A Its new use has been discovered.

B Companies have stopped selling it.

C It has become the best—selling painkiller.

D Doctors have sold it to patients.

答案：A

解析：文中第六段提到醫生注意到服用阿司匹林的病人比其他人得心臟病的概率要小，英國的研究者找到了阿司匹林防止心臟病發生的原因，所以答案是A, “它的新療效被發現”。

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