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四、有關(guān)信用證的當(dāng)事人問(wèn)題
一般而言,信用證中主要涉及四個(gè)當(dāng)事人,即申請(qǐng)人(APPLICANT)、開(kāi)證行(ISSUING BANK)、通知行(ADVISING BANK)和受益人(BENEFICIARY)。此外,根據(jù)信用證是屬于付款、承兌或議付的不同使用方式,會(huì)相應(yīng)出現(xiàn)付款行(PAYING BANK)、承兌行(ACCEPTING BANK)或者議付行(NEGOTIATING BANK)。而且,開(kāi)證行常常又為付款行或承兌行,承擔(dān)第一性付款責(zé)任,并在信用證中作出如下承諾:“WE HEREBY ENGAGE WITH DRAWERS AND/OR BONA FIDE HOLDERS THAT DRAFTS DRAWN AND NEGOTIATED IN CONFORMITY WITH THE TERMS OF THIS CREDIT WILL BE DULY HONOURED ON PRESENTATION.”(凡根據(jù)本信用證并按照其所列條款開(kāi)具之匯票,向我行提示并交出本證規(guī)定之單據(jù)者,我行同意對(duì)其出票人、背書人及善意持有人履行承兌付款責(zé)任。)同樣,通知行亦往往作為議付行或付款行,為受益人辦理議付(NEGOTIATION)或押匯(BILL PURCHASED)。假如來(lái)證指定向第三家銀行索償(CLAIM REIMBURSEMENT),則該被指定行就是償付行(REIMBURSING BANK),或開(kāi)證行與通知行并無(wú)直接的業(yè)務(wù)代理關(guān)系,就會(huì)委托另一家銀行證實(shí)并轉(zhuǎn)遞信用證,這個(gè)受托銀行稱為轉(zhuǎn)遞行(TRANSMITTING BANK)。例如,某來(lái)證經(jīng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)渣打(麥加利)銀行,廈門分行(STANDARD CHARTERED BANK, XIAMEN BRANCH)轉(zhuǎn)遞,如此注明:“THE FOLLOWING TELEGRAM MESSAGE HAS BEEN RECEIVED FROM THE ISSUING BANK (ST. DENIS BANQUE DE LA REU NION) AND IS ADVISED TO YOU SUBJECT TO THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS GIVEN IN THE ATTACHED COVERING LETTER QUOTE WE OPEN IRREVOCABLE DOCUMENTARY CTREDIT NO.XXX WHICH PLEASE NOTIFY BY TLX ADDING YOUR CONFIRMATION THROUGH BANK OF CHINA, BEIHAI BRANCH...”(茲收到開(kāi)證行-留尼汪圣但尼銀行如下電文,并依據(jù)附函所給條款通知你行:“我行開(kāi)立不可撤消跟單信用證第某號(hào),請(qǐng)加上你行保兌并經(jīng)北海中行電告...”)從以上文句可看出,該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)渣打銀行不僅是轉(zhuǎn)遞行,而且一旦保兌該信用證的話,它將同時(shí)成為保兌行(CONFIRMATING BANK),其性質(zhì)如同開(kāi)證行一樣,必須承擔(dān)獨(dú)立的保證付款責(zé)任。當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)遞行兼以保兌行身份出現(xiàn)時(shí),通常加注如下條款:“THIS LETTER OF CREDIT BEAR OUR CONFIRMATION AND WE UNDERTAKE TO HONOUR/NEGOTIATE DRAFTS ON PRESENTATION PROVIDED THEY ARE DRAWN AND PRESENTED IN CONFORMITY WITH THE TERMS OF THIS CREDIT”(本信用證由我行承擔(dān)保兌責(zé)任,而且我行承諾承付或議付符合本證條件所出具并向我行提示之匯票)。這表示轉(zhuǎn)遞行已同意保兌(CONFIRMATION)。因而,對(duì)受益人來(lái)說(shuō),就有了雙重的保障,另外,在可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證的轉(zhuǎn)讓中,除了出現(xiàn)第一受益人或稱轉(zhuǎn)讓人(THE FIRST BENEFICIARY OR TRANSFEROR)之外,還有第二受益人或稱受讓人(SECOND BENEFICIARY OR TRANSFEREE),以及根據(jù)第一受益人的要求,將信用證進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)讓的銀行,亦即是轉(zhuǎn)讓行(TRANSFERRING BANK)。
此外,在各國(guó)不同銀行的來(lái)證中,申請(qǐng)人一詞的英文表示多種多樣,應(yīng)加以識(shí)別。比如尼泊爾國(guó)民商業(yè)銀行(RASTRIYA BANIJYA BANK MAIN BRANCH, NEPAL)來(lái)證的申請(qǐng)人一欄為“ON ACCOUNT OF M/S XXX”,提單條款為“COMPLETE SET OF NOT LESS THAN 3 SETS 'ON BOARD' CLEAN OCEAN BILL OF LADING CONSIGNED TO 'RASTRIYA BANIJYA BANK' MARK 'FREIGHT PREPAID' SHOWING NOTIFY PARTY AS ACCOUNTEE”,費(fèi)用條款為“ALL BANK COMMISSION AND CHARGES ARISING UNDER THIS CREDIT OUTSIDE NEPAL ARE ON ACCOUNT OF OPENER”,以上條款中分別出現(xiàn)的“ON ACCOUNT OF ”、“ACCOUNTEE”和“OPENER”三個(gè)詞語(yǔ)均表示同一意思,即申請(qǐng)人。類似詞語(yǔ)在其它來(lái)證中還有許多,諸如“IMPORTER”、“BUYER”、“DRAWEE”、“ORDERERS”、“CUSTOMER”、“CLIENT”、“PRINCIPAL”、“ACCREDITOR”、“BY ORDER OF ”以及“ON BEHALF OF”等。相對(duì)地,受益人一詞的英文表示亦不少,須予以區(qū)分。比如,埃及開(kāi)羅阿拉伯國(guó)際銀行(ARAB INTERNATIONAL BANK, CAIRO, EGYPT)來(lái)證開(kāi)頭用“FAVOUR”一詞引導(dǎo)受益人,而產(chǎn)地證條款“CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN IN ONE ORIGINAL AND THREE COPIES ISSUED BY THE MANUFACTURES OR THE EXPORTERS STATING NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE FACTORY WHICH PRODUCED THE GOODS AND CERTIFYING THAT THESE GOODS ARE OF CHINA ORIGIN, ORIGINAL ONLY DULY LEGALIZED BY C.C.P.I.T.”中的“THE EXPORTERS”一詞亦指受益人,還有其收費(fèi)條款“ALL YOUR COMMISSION AND CHARGHS UNDER THIS CREDIT ARE TO BE BORNE BY THE SELLER”最未的“THE SELLER”一詞也是指受益人。同類詞語(yǔ)仍有“SHIPPER”、“SUPPLIER”、“DRAWER”以及“IN FAVOUR OF”等等,真可謂不勝枚舉。因此,出口企業(yè)對(duì)來(lái)證中所有這些當(dāng)事人的英文表示及其所處地位和作用等差異特征應(yīng)作具體的分析和研究,這樣才不會(huì)受其迷惑,以致失誤。
五、有關(guān)信用證的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性問(wèn)題
盡管信用證結(jié)算方式已把銀行信用和商業(yè)信用結(jié)合起來(lái),使付款更有保障,但是,開(kāi)證行的付款承諾是有條件的。假使不能滿足信用證所規(guī)定的條件,那么使用這種結(jié)算方式就會(huì)有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。這主要原因是由于信用證中存在不利條款(或稱“軟條款”或“陷阱條款”),致使受益人難以辦到。例如,某出口企業(yè)來(lái)證中有這樣的條款:“INSPECTION CERTIFICATE ON QUANTITY ISSUED BY APPLICANT.”(由申請(qǐng)人出具數(shù)量檢驗(yàn)證。)當(dāng)貨物出運(yùn)后,碰上其國(guó)際市場(chǎng)的價(jià)格下跌,申請(qǐng)人趁機(jī)拒出證書,使受益人無(wú)法交齊信用證所需單據(jù),從而招致拒付。又如,另一出口企業(yè)來(lái)證中有如下條款:“CERTIFICATE FROM SHIPPING COMPANY CERTIFYING THAT THE SAID VESSEL IS LESS THAN 15 YEARS OF AGE”(船公司證明書,證實(shí)所裝船只船齡少于15年),當(dāng)臨近裝效期時(shí),卻找不到能運(yùn)載大宗貨物的這種遠(yuǎn)洋貨輪,因而導(dǎo)致貨物積壓碼頭,損失慘重。上述兩例中的不利條款之所以構(gòu)成風(fēng)險(xiǎn),乃是由于主動(dòng)權(quán)不掌握在受益人手中,受制他人。因此,出口企業(yè)一旦發(fā)覺(jué)來(lái)證帶有不利條款,則應(yīng)迅速聯(lián)系修改或采取必要的防范措施,以絕后患。否則,極易釀成惡果。
相關(guān)內(nèi)容:
2011年單證員考試國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)模擬試題(二)匯總
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