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三、 常見習(xí)慣用語
(一) 知識概要
由于英語國家的語言習(xí)慣與中國的語言習(xí)慣有許多不同之處,所以造成了許多同學(xué)在做選擇或書寫,或與人交談中造成誤用中國方式來對英語的問句作解答。例如一 個小女孩十分好看,可愛,外國人見到時會講: You are so beautiful 這時的答語應(yīng)該是 Thank you 如果外國人發(fā)現(xiàn)你的英語不錯,他們會講: Your English is very good 這時中國人常常會說:不,我說的不好。這純是一種禮貌的答語,但是不符合英語習(xí)慣。它正確的答語應(yīng)是 Thank you 雖然交際英語有一些規(guī)律可講,但更重要的是學(xué)習(xí)外國的生活習(xí)慣,了解他們的文化背景,歷史淵源,這樣才能真正的學(xué)好一門外語。
(二) 正誤辨析
[誤] - What can I do for you?
- Yes, please help me
[正] - What can I do for you?
- I'd like to buy a sweater
[析] What can I do for you? 這一問語實際上用于的情景很多,要根據(jù)具體情況而定。如在商店中售貨員講這句話應(yīng)譯為:您想要點什么?在其他場合也可以被譯為:我能為您做些什么?它的答語應(yīng)是直接講出想讓對方提供的幫助。
[誤] - Which colour do you like?
- Sorry, I don't like
[正] - Which colour do you like?
- I prefer blue
[析] 由 which 來提問的問句是要回答具體的選擇,而不能泛指,泛泛的回答。如 Yes, I like it
[誤] Do you like to come with us tonight?
[正] Would you like to come with us tonight?
[析] Do you like … 問的是對方的習(xí)慣,如: Do you like swimming? Do you like collecting stamps? 而 would you like … 則是一次性的邀請、提議。邀請的英語表達(dá)法還有如下幾種:
Shall we go? 我們走吧!
Let's go? 讓我們走吧!
How about having a cup of tea? 喝杯茶如何?
What about a cup of coffee 喝杯咖啡如何?
Why not buy it? 為什么不買呢?
其肯定答語一般為Certainly, Yes, O.K. All right, With pleasure
[誤] Sorry, I've kept you waiting
Not at all
[正] Sorry, I've kept you waiting
Never mind
[析] "介意不介意"這一問法與答語在中英文中有所不同。如:
- Do you mind my smoking here? - _________
A. Yes, do it please
B. No, of course not
C. Yes, take it please
D. No, you can't take it
這時正確的選擇應(yīng)是B。 其意為:不介意,當(dāng)然不。而A選項則自相矛盾了,它應(yīng)譯為:是的我介意,請抽吧。而D選項是:不介意,你不能抽。當(dāng)向?qū)Ψ綘幥笠庖姇r,可以有以下問法:
Do you mind if I open the door?
Would you mind mailing the letter for me
其答語如果是同意應(yīng)為: Certainly not, not at all
而不同意時應(yīng)為 Yes, 或 I'm sorry
[誤] What's that man?
He is Mike
[正] What's that man?
He is a teacher
[正] Who's that man?
He is Mike (He is Mike's father)
[析] 由 what 提問是問的職業(yè),由 who 提問問的是姓名或身份。
[誤] - How much are they?
- Half a kilo, please
[正] - How many bananas do you want?
- Half a kilo Please
[析] How much are they? 問的是價格而不是實際物品的多少。
[誤] I'm sorry, but is this the way to the park?
[正] Excuse me, but is this the way to the park?
[析] I'm sorry 是對已經(jīng)做錯了的事向?qū)Ψ降狼笗r的開始語。而 Excuse me 是在打擾對方之前表達(dá)歉意的話。
[誤] - Have a good time tonight!
- You are the same
[正] - Have a good time tonight!
- The same to you
[析] The same to you 是表達(dá)我也祝您有個愉快的夜晚,它是美語中的習(xí)慣用法。
[誤] - What's the problem?
- I've got a headache
[正] What's wrong with you?
I've got a headache
[析] What's wrong with you? 是詢問對方身體狀態(tài)如何,而 What's the problem?是問對方遇到了什么麻煩。
[誤] - Now, I'm back Can I play?
- Perhaps You'd better do your homework first
[正] - Now, I'm back Can I play?
- I'm afraid not You'd better do your homework first
[析] Perhaps 是表示對一種拿不準(zhǔn)的事態(tài)的推論,如: Am I right? Perhaps而 I'm afraid not 則表達(dá)一種不同意的態(tài)度。 be afraid 的幾種用法有:
I'm afraid that you are right
其后直接加賓語從句。
- Will you come to my birthday party?
- I'm afraid not I have to go to see my father He is in hospital
其后+not,表示否定。
- Sorry, I don't want to go there alone, I'm afraid of the dog
其后+名詞,表示對某人,某物的害怕。
Mary is afraid of making mistakes in the exam
其后+ of + 動名詞,表示害怕做某事。
Mary is afraid to see the teacher because she didn't do well in the exam
其后+ 不定式,表示不敢去做某事。
[誤] - How soon will you be ready?
- Two days
[正] - How soon will you be ready?
- In two days
[析] 此題關(guān)鍵是要根據(jù)情景,身臨其境,要注意的是對方問了什么,就應(yīng)答什么。或答了什么就應(yīng)問什么。 How soon 問的是"還有多久才能作完",這時要用 in two days, 即在兩小時之內(nèi)即可以作完。如用 How long 提問,則答語可以用 two days。
[誤] - Would you mind if I have some time off?
- I don't mind
- Monday and Tuesday of next week
[正] - Would you mind if I have some time off?
- When exactly
- Monday and Tuesday of next week
[析] 有的對話是復(fù)雜的,稍有不慎就有可能選錯,而且英語中如選錯了答案是不容易找出錯來的。 I don't mind 是可以用來回答 Would you mind…這一提問的,但如仔細(xì)看一看則會發(fā)現(xiàn)我們要選用的不是陳述句而是疑問句。根據(jù)下面一句的答語來判定要用 when exactly? 什么時間,這樣才能與下句中具體的時間相符合。
[誤] Suppose your name is Tom The phone rings and you pick it up The first word you say will probably be "Who are you?"
[正] Suppose your name is Tom The phone rings and you pick it up The first word you say will probably be "Hello? This is Tom speaking?"
[析] 在英語學(xué)習(xí)中,習(xí)慣用法實際上在某種情況,或某種意義上講比語法更為重要。如果只從句子的角度上去分析,它們可能都是對的。比如,當(dāng)你拿起電話時,如果你 想知道對方是誰,可以問"Who's that(speaking)?"但不要講"Who are you?"如果你想先介紹一下自己可以講"This is ×××× speaking"而不要講"I'm ××××"也不要講"My name is ×××××." 就語法而論,"Who are you?" "I'm ××××""My name is ×××××"并不錯,也是英語中可用的句子,但就打電話這一場合,就不宜用了。
[誤] - Do you think it's going to rain over the weekend?
- I don't hope so
[正] - Do you think it's going to rain over the weekend?
- I hope not
[析] 由于初學(xué)者對實際英語口語中表達(dá)感情意愿的答語不熟悉,如在肯定答語中 I think so I hope so I believe so 是相同的,但在否定句中卻常用 I don't think so 但I don't believe so 和 I don't hope so 則意為:我不信此事和我不希望此事發(fā)生。而 I believe not 和 I hope not 則為:我想可能不會發(fā)生吧!
[誤] - Is anybody there?
- No, Bob and Tom have asked for leave
[正] - Is everybody there?
- No, Bob and Tom have asked for leave
[析] 許多學(xué)生在寫作和選擇答語或問句時總要語法在前,而不是習(xí)慣用語在先。所以總是要拘泥疑問句中的不定代詞,用 anybody。 但是Is anybody there? 在英語中為:這里有人嗎?而Is everybody there?為:全都到齊了嗎?所以首先要考慮的是其答語。 No, Bob and Tom have asked for leave
[誤] - Your handwriting is very good!
- No, my handwriting is very poor
[正] - Your handwriting is very good!
- Thank you
[析] 中國人遇到別人稱贊,總是以謙遜為美德。但英美人則往往認(rèn)為自信是美德。所以當(dāng)別人夸獎你或贊美你時,就應(yīng)說: Thank you 又比如中國人見面時常講 Where are you going? 或 Have you had your breakfast yet?而英美人則認(rèn)為你過多的干預(yù)別人的私生活了。而他們見面時往往問一些無關(guān)緊要的話,如: Hello! How are you going? (你過得怎樣) Morning! 等。而 good morning 和 How do you do 則被認(rèn)為是較正規(guī)的問候語,在日常生活中則十分少見。
[誤] When you have had dinner with an American friend and want to leave you may say: "Excuse me I'll go first"
[正] When you have had dinner with an American friend and want to leave you may say: "Excuse me I have to go"
[析] 這兩句答語都是正確的,其關(guān)鍵不是語法,而是習(xí)慣問題。如果在這樣的場合你講 I'll go first 朋友們會迷惑不解,而 I have to go 則表示由于外界的特殊原因而造成的你要離去,而你本人則十分不愿做此事。
[誤] - Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
- I'd like to, and I'm too busy
[正] - Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
- I'd like to, but I'm too busy
[析] I'm too busy 與 I'd like to 在意義上正好相反。所以要用轉(zhuǎn)折連詞。這里考查了對詞義合乎邏輯的表達(dá)能力。所以要強調(diào)語言環(huán)境,更要強調(diào)在語言的基礎(chǔ)上的詞語辨析。
[誤] - Where's Deter?
- Deter will come with us tonight but he isn't very sure yet
[正] - Where's Deter?
- Deter may come with us tonight but he isn't very sure yet
[析] 由于 but 所引出的句子可以看出 Deter 的來與不來是十分不確定的,所以應(yīng)用 may 來表達(dá)一個不肯定的事件。
[誤] - Hi, haven't seen you for ages! You look fine!
- Great You look well too
[正] - Hi, haven't seen you for ages! You look fine!
- Thanks You look well too
[析] 要注意的是 Great 在口語中多表示驚嘆,而 Thanks 則表示感謝對方的稱贊。 所以對情景談話要有準(zhǔn)確的判定,要根據(jù)情景,身臨其境,上下對照,周密思考,弄清場合,注意英美人的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣,注重語義上的詞語 辨析,并要進行大量的語言實踐練習(xí),擴大實際交際能力。
(三) 例題解析
1 - Would you like to have some rice?
- _________ .
A Yes, I like B Yes, please C of course D Yes, I have
[答案] B.
[析] 當(dāng)對方對你發(fā)出邀請的問語時,如果你想接受則講 Yes, please 如不想接受則用No, thanks
2 - Nice to see you
- _________ .
A Good morning B Happy to meet you, too
C Nice to see you, too D Pleased to meet you, too
[答案] C.
[析] 雖然A、B、D三個選項都可以作為某種問候語的答語,但英語中問候語的答語多用重復(fù)對方的話,以表達(dá)同樣的心情。
3 - Would you please give me some water?
- _________ .
A Yes, I would B Certainly C No, thanks D Yes, please
[答案] B.
[析] 當(dāng)對方發(fā)出十分禮貌的請求幫助的問語時,一般的回答是肯定的。而Yes, please 為"是的,您請做某事吧"。這一含意顯然不對。
4 - Thank you very much for helping me
- _________ .
A You're welcome B It doesn't matter
C No need D Don't say that
[答案] A.
[析] You're welcome 譯為中文為:不用謝。而 It doesn't matter 則為:沒關(guān)系。
5 - Hello, Lucy How are you?
- _________ And you?
A Fine, thanks B Yes, I am
C Glad to meet you D Good afternoon
[答案] A.
[析] 在正常交往中一定要避免所問非所答。所以對 How are you? 的答語應(yīng)為"很好,謝謝!"
6 - Help yourself to some meat
- _________
A It sounds nice. B Yes, please.
C Yes, Let's help each other. D Thank you.
[答案] D.
[析] Help yourself to some meat. 你自己拿些肉吃吧。其意為主人勸客人不要客氣,像在家里一樣。
7 - Oh, I am not feeling well I've got a cold
- _________
A Fine, How are you? B Never mind Take care
C Well, I 'm sure to get weel soon. D I'm sorry to hear that
[答案] D.
[析] 這是美國、英國的習(xí)慣用語,而B、 C則是中國人常講的答語。
8 - Meimei you speak English very well
- _________ .
A No, I don't think so B Thank you very much
C Not good enough D That's all right
[答案] B.
9 - "Kate, could you answer the telephone, please?"
- _________ , Mum I'll get it.
A Yes, I could B No, thanks
C OK D Yes, but I have no time
[答案] C.
[析] 要注意 could 用于口語中是為了講話的口氣委婉,但它不是過去時態(tài),也不是助動詞,而應(yīng)看作情態(tài)動詞。所以在答語中則不應(yīng)這樣用。
10 - Could you look after Polly for me while we're away?
- _________
A No, thanks. B With pleasure.
C I'm not afraid. D I'm sure you will.
[答案] B.
[析] With pleasure 是英語中的一句十分客氣的答語,用在當(dāng)對方因你的幫助或你的許諾向你道謝時,表達(dá)自己十分樂意為對方效力的口氣。
11 - Hello! Could I speak to the headmaster, please?
- _________
A Hold on, please. B That's the headmaster, please.
C Who are you ? please. D Sorry I'm not the headmaster.
[答案] A.
[析] hold on, please 是指請對方等一等不要將電話放下的用語。如果要講我就是的話不能用 that, 而要用 this, 在電話用語中 that 指對方, this 指自己。
12 - Happy birthday!
- _________
A Thank you. B The same to you.
C Good luck. D Congratulations.
[答案] A.
[析] the same to you 是同樣祝賀對方的意思,不能用于生日這一祝賀語,除非兩人的生日在同一天。
13 - I'm sorry I don't know the way, either You'd better ask that policeman for help
- _________
A Good night. B That's nothing.
C Very well. D Thank you all the same.
[答案] D.
[析] 當(dāng)向?qū)Ψ角笾鷷r,對方無能為力,這時的感謝語則為 Thank you all the same 意為不管如何還是要謝謝你。
14 - I fell and hurt my leg last week, So I can't do anything
- _________ .
A I'm sorry B Don't worry
C Good luck D Bad luck
[答案] D.
[析] 如果用A則要用 I'm sorry to hear that而不能單用 I'm sorry 因I'm sorry 是向?qū)Ψ降狼浮6?bad luck 為真是不幸啊。
15 - _________
- I have got a cough
A What's your trouble? B What have you got?
C Why did you come here? D Have you got a cough?
[答案] A.
[析] What's your trouble? 多用于問對方有什么問題、麻煩或得了什么病。這種用語還有 What's wrong with you?
16 - Would you like to go shopping with me?
- _________
A Yes, I'd love to. B That's right.
C Yes, please. D Quite well.
[答案] A.
[析] 表示愿意作某事應(yīng)講:I'd love to I'd like to
17 - What's the weather like today!
- _________
A It's nice for a walk. B I like autumn best of all.
C It will be fine tomorrow. D It's rather cold today.
[答案] D.
[析] 本題要注意問的是什么,不要所問非所答。因問題是今天的天氣怎樣,所以只能選D
18 - Is Jane in ,please? I want to speak to her
- Sorry, she is out You'd better _________ .
A visit her in the office B call her later
C see her this afternoon D speak to her yourself
[答案] B.
[析] call her later 晚些時候再來電話。
19 - _________
- Very well, thank you, and you?
A How do you do? B Good morning
C How are you these days? D How do you like English?
[答案] C.
[析] 本題是由答語來推斷問話,所以應(yīng)熟悉英語的問答習(xí)慣: How do you do? 的答語應(yīng)為 How do you do?
20 - How is your mother?
- _________
A She is old. B She is no better than she was.
C She is kindhearted. D She is in her forties.
[答案] B.
[析] How is your mother? 問的是你媽身體如何,而B選項則是"她不比以前強"。而其他三個選項則是所問非所答。
21 - Thank you very much for your help
- _________ .
A You're welcome B Please don't
C There's no trouble D No, no
[答案] A.
22 Your uncle has taken you to the cinema Afterwards you thank him
He says " _________ ."
A It was nothing B I'm glad you enjoyed it
C Don't say it D No, needn't
[答案] B.
[析] 這是英語的答語,千萬不要選A,因它是中文習(xí)慣的答語。
23 - Thank you for your good present
- _________ .
A It's not good B No, no
C My pleasure D Never mind
[答案] C.
24 When someone did a good deed for you, you should say _________ .
A.you are too good B.It's very kind of you C.you are very kind D.I'll thank you
[答案] B.
25 - I am very sorry I am late for dinner
- _________ .
A.No, you aren't B.That's all right C.Yes, you are D.No, you don't
[答案] B.
[析] That's all right 沒關(guān)系。
26 - I'm sorry if I hurt you
- _________ .
A I'm sorry B It's not true
C It doesn't matter D Don't say sorry
[答案] C.
27 - I should have gone to see the exhibition with you
- _________ .
A I'm sorry B What a pity
C It doesn't matter to me D That's terrible
[答案] B.
[析] What a pity. 真遺憾。第一句應(yīng)為我真該和你一起去展覽會。
28 - Help yourself to some fish
- _________ .
A You are very kind B Yes, I'm helping myself
C Thank you D Yes, don't worry about me
[答案] C.
29 - Are you ready?-______ .
A I'm very sorry B Try to be patient
C Not yet, wait a minute D Do you have the time, please?
[答案] C.
[析] not yet 意為還沒有完成。
30 - Mum, I have passed the exam
- _________ .
A That's all right B Congratulations
C You are luck D Good luck to you
[答案] B.
31 - I think I have to leave I hope we can get together again
- _________ .
A All right B That's all right
C OK D I hope so, too
[答案] D.
32 Must I wait till he comes back? .
A No, you needn't B No, you mustn't
C No, you may not D No, you can't
[答案] A.
[析] must 提問表示必須這樣做嗎?而肯定句要用 must, 表示必須做,而否定句則要用 needn't 表示沒有必要做。
33 - _________ I pay you the house rent right away?
- Yes, you have to do it
A Shall B Way C Must D Have
[答案] C.
34 - Don't you think this colour is too bright?
- _________
A Yes, I agree. B Yes, but I don't think so.
C Yes, of course not. D Yes, what's wrong?
[答案] A.
35 - It was cold yesterday
- _________ .
A So was it B So it was
C I believe not so D I believe not
[答案] B.
[析] 當(dāng)答語只是重復(fù)對方講的話時,則不用倒裝。因 so it was即為:是的,天氣昨天很冷。而當(dāng)講前面講的動作也適合于另一個人時,則要倒裝。如: I went to the cinema yesterday So did I 表示對方去了電影院,我也去了。
36 - What do you think of the song?
- _________ .
A I like music very much B I like it too
C With pleasure D It sounds sweet
[答案] D.
[析] sound 在這里是系動詞,為聽起來很甜美。系動詞后要用形容詞,而不要用被動語態(tài)。
37 Do you like tea or coffee? _________ .
A Yes, I do B Thank you
C That's fine D Either will do
[答案] D.
[析] either will do 為兩者哪個都可以。
38 I like your sweater very much _________ .
A No, it's ugly B Sorry
C Thank you D You're welcome
[答案] C.
[析] 這是英美語言的習(xí)慣。
39 He likes travelling by train _________ .
A So do I B I dos
C I like so D I like it, neither
[答案] A.
40 - How do you like your school?
- _________ .
A I like it very much B It's very beautiful
C I doesn't like it D Very well
[答案] B.
[析] How do you like … 是問你們學(xué)校是怎樣值得你熱愛的。也就是為什么你熱愛你的學(xué)校。
41 What a nice day! _________
A You're right. B No, isn't it?
C Yes, isn't it? D Really?
[答案] C.
[析] Yes, isn't it 是的,難道不是個好天氣嗎?
42 - Hello, _________ ?
- This is Della speaking
A Who are you B Are you Tom
C Who is that D Please tell me who are you
[答案] C.
[析] 電話用語中 that 指對方,而 this 指自己。
43 -What's he like?
- _________ .
A He likes English B He is old
C He is like a farmer D He is tall and this
[答案] D.
[析] 要區(qū)分 What's he like? 如 What does he like? 前者為:他長得什么樣?而后者是:他喜歡什么。
44 How did you do your job?
Not very well, _________ .
A I'm sure B I am afraid
C Thank you D I'm sorry
[答案] B.
[析] I am afraid 我恐怕是,我想是。
45 - _________ your aunt?
-She is a principal of a middle school
A What does B Where does
C What is D Whom is
[答案] C.
46 - _________
- He is my boss
A What's the man? B Who is the man?
C How is the man? D What does the man do?
[答案] B.
47 - May I have your name?
- _________ .
A No, no B You're polite
C Call me John D It's kind of you
[答案] C.
48 - Shall I make coffee for you?
- _________ .
A Yes, thank you B No, don't trouble
C Don't trouble this, thank you D No, don't make it
[答案] A.
49 - Could you show me the way to Mr Buown's office?
- _________ .
A Not at all B I'm sure
C All right D I can do it
[答案] C.
50 - Shall we go swimming tomorrow afternoon?
- _________ .
A It's very kind of you B You are so thoughtful
C That's a good idea D Yes, we'll go
[答案] C.
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