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“I want to criticize the social system, and to show it at work, at its most intense.” Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics, since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the “poetic” novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. But Virginia Woolf was a realistic as well as a poetic novelist, a satirist and social critic as well as a visionary: literary critics’ cavalier dismissal of Woolf’s social vision will not withstand scrutiny.

In her novels, Woolf is deeply engaged by the questions of how individuals are shaped (or deformed) by their social environments, how historical forces impinge on people’s lives, how class, wealth, and gender help to determine people’s fates. Most of her novels are rooted in a realistically rendered social setting and in a precise historical time.

Woolf’s focus on society has not been generally recognized because of her intense antipathy to propaganda in art. The pictures of reformers in her novels are usually satiric or sharply critical. Even when Woolf is fundamentally sympathetic to their causes, she portrays people anxious to reform their society and possessed of a message or program as arrogant or dishonest, unaware of how their political ideas serve their own psychological needs. (Her Writer’s Diary notes: “the only honest people are the artists,” whereas “these social reformers and philanthropists… harbor… discreditable desires under the disguise of loving their kind…”) Woolf detested what she called “preaching” in fiction, too, and criticized novelist D. H. Lawrence (among others) for working by this method.

Woolf’s own social criticism is expressed in the language of observation rather than in direct commentary, since for her, fiction is a contemplative, not an active art. She describes phenomena and provides materials for a judgment about society and social issues; it is the reader’s work to put the observations together and understand the coherent point of view behind them. As a moralist, Woolf works by indirection, subtly undermining officially accepted mores, mocking, suggesting, calling into question, rather than asserting, advocating, bearing witness: hers is the satirist’s art.

Woolf’s literary models were acute social observers like Chekhov and Chaucer. As she put it in The Common Reader, “It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote; and yet, as we read him, we are absorbing morality at every pore.” Like Chaucer, Woolf chose to understand as well as to judge, to know her society root and branch — a decision crucial in order to produce art rather than polemic.

1. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?

[A] Poetry and Satire as Influences on the Novels of Virginia Woolf.

[B] Virginia Woolf: Critic and Commentator on the Twentieth-Century Novel.

[C] Trends in Contemporary Reform Movements as a Key to Understanding Virginia Woolf’s Novels.

[D] Virginia Woolf’s Novels: Critical Reflections on the Individual and on Society.

2. In the first paragraph of the text, the author’s attitude toward the literary critics mentioned can best be described as

[A] disparaging.

[B] ironic.

[C] facetious.

[D] skeptical but resigned.

3. It can be inferred from the text that Woolf chose Chaucer as a literary example because she believed that

[A] Chaucer was the first English author to focus on society as a whole as well as on individual characters.

[B] Chaucer was an honest and forthright author, whereas novelists like D. H. Lawrence did not sincerely wish to change society.

[C] Chaucer was more concerned with understanding his society than with calling its accepted mores into question.

[D] Chaucer’s writing was greatly, if subtly, effective in influencing the moral attitudes of his readers.

4. It can be inferred from the text that the most probable reason Woolf realistically described the social setting in the majority of her novels was that she

[A] was aware that contemporary literary critics considered the novel to be the most realistic of literary genres.

[B] was interested in the effect of a person’s social milieu on his or her character and actions.

[C] needed to be as attentive to detail as possible in her novels in order to support the arguments she advanced in them.

[D] wanted to show that a painstaking fidelity in the representation of reality did not in any way hamper the artist.

5. Which of the following phrases best expresses the sense of the word “contemplative” as it is used in line 2, paragraph 4 of the text?

[A] Gradually elucidating the rational structures underlying accepted mores.

[B] Reflecting on issues in society without prejudice or emotional commitment.

[C] Avoiding the aggressive assertion of the author’s perspective to the exclusion of the reader’s judgment.

[D] Conveying a broad view of society as a whole rather than focusing on an isolated individual consciousness.

[答案與考點(diǎn)解析]

1. 【答案】D

【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道中心主旨題。本文的中心主旨句在首段的尾句，結(jié)合每段的主題句，我們可以推斷出本文是在講“Virginia Woolf”的小說(shuō)以及其小說(shuō)對(duì)個(gè)人與社會(huì)之間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行的相關(guān)闡述。可見(jiàn)本題的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是反映上述內(nèi)容的選項(xiàng)D。考生在解題時(shí)應(yīng)注意全文的中心主旨句以及每段的主題句之間的相互關(guān)系。

2. 【答案】A

【考點(diǎn)解析】本題是一道細(xì)節(jié)推導(dǎo)題。題干中的“literary critics”暗示本題的答案信息來(lái)源應(yīng)該在首段的尾句，通過(guò)對(duì)本句的閱讀與理解可推斷出本文作者對(duì)“literary critics”的態(tài)度是否定的，故選項(xiàng)A應(yīng)該是本題的正確選項(xiàng)。本題的選項(xiàng)D因?yàn)?ldquo;resigned”(屈從的，順從的)一詞而不能成為本題的正確選項(xiàng)，因?yàn)樵闹胁](méi)有包含這方面的意思。考生在解題時(shí)一定要認(rèn)真理解原文的每一個(gè)單詞。

3. 【答案】D

【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道句間關(guān)系題。通過(guò)題干中的“Chaucer”一詞可迅速將本題的答案信息確定在尾段的首句。通過(guò)閱讀尾段的第一句和第二句，我們可以推斷出本題的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是突出“morality”含義的選項(xiàng)D。考生在解題時(shí)一定要考慮到上下句之間的聯(lián)系。

4. 【答案】B

【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道句間關(guān)系題。通過(guò)題干中的“realistically”和“social setting”可將本題的答案信息來(lái)源迅速確定在第二段的尾句，通過(guò)閱讀和理解第二段中僅有的兩個(gè)句子，我們可以推斷出本題的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是突出“人的社會(huì)環(huán)境影響人的性格和行為”之含義的選項(xiàng)B。考生在解題時(shí)一定要重視上下句之間的相互聯(lián)系。

5. 【答案】C

【考點(diǎn)解析】本題是一道詞匯理解題。本題的題干以將本題的答案信息來(lái)源確定在第四段的第一句。如果考生不認(rèn)識(shí)“contemplative”這個(gè)詞，可以通過(guò)這個(gè)詞前后的語(yǔ)意關(guān)系以及第四段第二句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行推導(dǎo)。通過(guò)仔細(xì)閱讀第四段的第一、二句，我們可以推斷出本題的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是C，因?yàn)樵撨x項(xiàng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是回避“direct commentary”(直接的評(píng)論)，不做“active art”(主動(dòng)的藝術(shù))，讓讀者自己去思考。考生在解題時(shí)應(yīng)該注意原文中所表達(dá)的對(duì)立對(duì)比關(guān)系。

[參考譯文]

“我要批判社會(huì)體制，揭示出它在最為緊要的關(guān)頭是如何運(yùn)作的。”弗吉尼亞·伍爾芙在談及她寫(xiě)作《達(dá)勒維夫人》的意圖時(shí)令人深思的言論，常常為批評(píng)家們所忽視，因?yàn)樗赝怀隽怂膶W(xué)興趣的一個(gè)方面，而這一方面與這位“詩(shī)意”小說(shuō)家的一貫形象大相徑庭，她一貫所關(guān)注的是審視人們夢(mèng)想與幻覺(jué)的種種狀態(tài)，并沿著個(gè)人意識(shí)的復(fù)雜路徑追尋。但弗吉尼亞·伍爾芙是一位“詩(shī)意”小說(shuō)家也是一個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者，是一個(gè)空想家也是一個(gè)諷刺作家和社會(huì)批評(píng)家，對(duì)于伍爾芙的社會(huì)空想，文學(xué)批評(píng)家們傲慢地忽視伍爾芙的社會(huì)批判的做法是經(jīng)不起推敲的。

伍爾芙在其小說(shuō)中全力探討如下問(wèn)題：社會(huì)環(huán)境是如何塑造個(gè)人的(或是使人墮落的)，歷史發(fā)展的推動(dòng)力是如何沖擊人們生活的，階級(jí)、財(cái)產(chǎn)和性別是如何在決定人生命運(yùn)中發(fā)揮作用的。她的大部分小說(shuō)植根于現(xiàn)實(shí)主義營(yíng)造的社會(huì)背景中，并發(fā)生在某一精確的歷史時(shí)期。

因?yàn)槲闋栜綄?duì)藝術(shù)宣傳十分厭惡，所以她對(duì)社會(huì)的關(guān)注并未得到普遍認(rèn)可。在她的小說(shuō)中，改革者的形象通常是具有諷刺性的或是帶有尖銳的批判色彩。即使有時(shí)伍爾芙本質(zhì)上對(duì)他們的事業(yè)懷有同情心，但她還是將急于改革社會(huì)的，懷揣救世咨文或是綱領(lǐng)的人塑造成傲慢自大而又不夠誠(chéng)實(shí)的形象，并還沒(méi)有意識(shí)到其政治主張是如何為滿(mǎn)足個(gè)人的心理私欲而服務(wù)的。(她在《作家日記》中寫(xiě)道：“唯有藝術(shù)家是誠(chéng)實(shí)的人，”而“這些社會(huì)改革家和慈善家們……將可恥的欲望隱藏在熱愛(ài)人類(lèi)的假面之后……”)伍爾芙還痛恨在小說(shuō)中應(yīng)用所謂的“說(shuō)教”，對(duì)應(yīng)用這一理論進(jìn)行創(chuàng)作的小說(shuō)家D. H.勞倫斯(及其他作家)進(jìn)行了批評(píng)。

伍爾芙將自己的社會(huì)批判以觀(guān)察的語(yǔ)言而不是直接的評(píng)論來(lái)表現(xiàn)，因?yàn)閷?duì)她而言，小說(shuō)是一門(mén)沉思凝想的藝術(shù)而非一門(mén)積極干預(yù)生活的藝術(shù)。她對(duì)社會(huì)及社會(huì)性問(wèn)題所表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的現(xiàn)象加以描述，并提供材料讓人們作出評(píng)論。讀者要做的才是將這些觀(guān)察所得的資料綜合起來(lái)，并體會(huì)出隱含其中的連貫的觀(guān)點(diǎn)。作為一名道德家，伍爾芙間接而巧妙地對(duì)那些公認(rèn)的倫理道德進(jìn)行攻擊，她嘲諷、暗示、質(zhì)疑，而不是下論斷，鼓吹自己的觀(guān)點(diǎn)，或是充當(dāng)見(jiàn)證：她的作品是諷刺作家的藝術(shù)。

伍爾芙的文學(xué)楷模是像契訶夫和喬叟那樣敏銳的社會(huì)觀(guān)察家。正如她在《普通讀者》中表述的，“完全可以說(shuō)，還沒(méi)有因?yàn)閱疼耪f(shuō)了什么或?qū)懥耸裁炊贫ǔ鲆豁?xiàng)法律或是建起一塊石碑;但當(dāng)我們?cè)陂喿x他的作品時(shí)，卻會(huì)全身心地汲取其道德思想。”正如喬叟一樣，伍爾芙選擇去理解判斷，去徹底了解她所置身的社會(huì)——去創(chuàng)造藝術(shù)而不是爭(zhēng)論性文章，這才是至關(guān)重要的決定。

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（責(zé)任編輯：rhj）

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