考試日期：

2013年2月16日

Reading Passage 1

Title:

新手，熟練工和專家

Question types:

判斷True/False/Not Given;

填空

文章內容回顧

第一篇是說一個“novice”怎么成為一個“expert”, 并且舉例說明兩者在看待及解決問題上的差別。還講述對expertise掌握程度研究，從novice到journeyman然后蛻變到expert的過程。另外也提到了一些researchers和theorists, they are better in making predictions than experts.

舊文P1=V070908

英文原文閱讀

Expertise research shows quite ambiguous results on the abilities of experts in judgment and decision making (JDM) classic models cannot account for. This problem becomes even more accentuated if different levels of expertise are considered. We argue that parallel constraint satisfaction models (PCS) might be a useful base to understand the processes underlying expert JDM and the hitherto existing, differentiated results from expertise research. It is outlined how expertise might influence model parameters and mental representations according to PCS. It is discussed how this differential impact of expertise on model parameters relates to empirical results showing quite different courses in the development of expertise; allowing, for example, to predict under which conditions intermediates might outperform experts. Methodological requirements for testing the proposed unifying theory under complex real-world conditions are discussed.

In support one theory, a study demonstrates that entrepreneurial experts frame decisions using an “effectual” logic (identify more potential markets, focus more on building the venture as a whole, pay less attention to predictive information, worry more about making do with resources on hand to invest only what they could afford to lose, and emphasize stitching together networks of partnerships); while novices use a “predictive frame” and tend to “go by the textbook.” We asked 27 expert entrepreneurs and 37 MBA students to think aloud continuously as they solved typical decision-making problems in creating a new venture. Transcriptions were analyzed using methods from cognitive science. Results showed that expert entrepreneurs framed problems in a dramatically different way than MBA students.

題型難度分析

判斷題難度不大，區分FALSE和NOT GIVEN是關鍵

題型技巧分析

是非無判斷題是上半年度的重點題型，有順序原則。

注意看清是TRUE還是YES, 本篇是TRUE/ FALSE/ NOT GIVEN

解題步驟：

1. 速讀句子，找出考點詞（容易有問題的部分）。考點詞：比較級，最高級，數據（時間），程度副詞，特殊形容詞，絕對化的詞（only, most, each, any, every, the same as等）

2. 排除考點詞，在余下的詞中找定位詞，去原文定位。

3. 重點考察考點詞是否有提及，是否正確。

TRUE的原則是同義替換，至少有一組近義詞。

FALSE是題目和原文截然相反，不可共存，通常有至少一組反義詞。

NOT GIVEN原文未提及，不做任何推斷，尤其多考察題目的主語等名詞在原文是否有提及。

4. 通讀所有段落，依次尋找答案

因為每段都會有答案，因此現在所需要做的事情就是到每段去找答案。要注意在選出信息后，要在選出的段落上做上記號，以免浪費時間。

劍橋雅思推薦原文練習

劍6 Motivating Employees under Adverse Conditions

Reading Passage 2

Title:

鱷魚的進化the crocodile’s evolution

Question types:

段落大意 Heading

填空

配對

文章內容回顧

詳細講述了crocodiles的生活習慣，如何控制自己的溫度以及喜歡的生存環境等。包括提到鱷魚的特點、歷史以及對兩組處在不同水供給環境下的生存情況對比。

舊文P2=V09121

英文原文閱讀

Early and extinct forms of crocodiles are called Crocodilia. They descended from psuedosuchians who walked on their hind legs, and lived during the late Triassic period. The skull of the crocodile still resembles in many ways those of the primitive archosaurs. Their bodies, however, developed the external appearance of the phytosaurs because of their aquatic lifestyle. The crocodile is the only archosaur that survived the still unknown factors that wiped out most of the reptile class at the end of the Mesozoic period. Though modern crocodiles walk on 4 legs, their two legged ancestry is revealed by their hind legs which are longer than the front legs, making them slant forward when they stand. The crocodilian skull still carries a basically archosaurean shape. It has a rather long, pointed skull, especially in the fish eating species of crocodiles.

The biggest, most prominent change in the crocodile since its early days is to the palate. The palate is the flat bony part at the roof of the mouth. In phytosaurs, the nostril holes in the palate are located under the outer nostrils, which were shifted to the far back of their snout. However in crocodiles, the nostrils are located at the front of the snout. This caused a problem in keeping the breathing passages from filling with water. Millions of years of evolution solved this problem. A second palate was formed, channeling the air above the mouth and into the throat passageway, where it can be opened and closed by a special flap or valve of skin. Crocodiles are actually classified on the basis of how far back their secondary palate extends, ranging from those who have no secondary palate to those with a fully formed palate separating the air they breathe from the water in their mouths.

The first crocodilians were called Protosuchians, living during the late Triassic to early Jurassic times. The difference between these and modern crocodiles is in the legs. The Protosuchians had very strong overdeveloped legs, which were set at right angles to the body. These allowed the animal to carry itself higher off the ground and probably gave them much more speed than their modern day counterparts. These legs also lead scientists to believe that these reptiles mostly lived on land. Beginning in the Jurassic period, the crocodilians quickly filled the gap of the extinct phytosaurs, becoming large and fully aquatic reptiles. The Mesosuchians were the next evolution of the protosuchians and lived during the Jurassic period and beyond. These reptiles had not yet developed a secondary palate, but were much more adapted to aquatic life than its predecessor. They had strong armor plating, made from a series of paired large bones on their back with smaller plates on its undersides. They spread throughout the land and lived in fresh water, though some adapted for sea life. These were called Geosaurs. Geosaurs lost their bony armor, their legs modified into paddles and their tail tips turned down, similar to the ichthyosaurs. Our modern crocodile appeared during the Cretaceous period, living side by side with the Mesosuchiansun until they were displaced in the early Tertiary times.

題型難度分析

Heading題考察skim能力，難度不大，但得分率不高。

題型技巧分析

標題配對題（List of headings）是雅思閱讀中的一種重要題型，要求給段落找小標題。它一般位于文章之前，由兩部分組成：一部分是選項，另一部分是段落編號，要求給各個段落找到與它對應的選項，即表達了該段中心思想的選項，有時還會舉一個例子。當然，例子中的選項是不會作為答案的。

解題思路：

1. 將例子所對應的選項及段落標號劃去

2. 劃出選項中的關鍵詞及概念性名詞

3. 瀏覽文章，抓住各段的主題句和核心詞（尤其是反復出現的核心詞），重點關注段落首句、第二句與末句

4. 與段落主題句同義或包含段落核心詞的選項為正確答案

劍橋雅思推薦原文練習

劍7 Ant Intelligence

Reading Passage 3

Title:

音樂的起源和影響

Question types:

判斷Yes/No/Not Given

配對

文章內容回顧

主要是一個專家的研究成果，關于音樂的起源和影響。描述音樂和語言之間的聯系和關系。Blacking Mitten是其中一個重要人物。

英文原文閱讀

We can only guess as to how music was created in the primitive psyche of the time. What follows is pretty much my guess.

Early man most likely took some interest in the sounds around him, in some cases it meant life or death, as in the roar of a tiger, or it was pleasing to the ear, as in a bird singing away. I can imagine that after a successful hunt, the hunters would prance and growl around a fire emulating the sounds of the fierce beast they had just slain. They might even have started hitting sticks together in an attempt to emulate the sounds of their clubs thumping dully upon the head of some prey, or the hollow melon sound of a neighbor’s skull when they were fighting amongst themselves over some chunk of meat, or for the best looking mate. The former most likely, due to the fact that the latter would be a six of one half dozen of the other proposition, cosmetics having yet to be invented.

In any case, as far as the origin of music is concerned, drums were probably the first primitive music instrument if we remove the human voice from the equation.

The Encyclopedia Britannica states "Drums appear with wide geographic distribution in archaeological excavations from Neolithic times onward; one excavated in Moravia is dated at 6000 BC. Early drums consisted of a section of hollowed tree trunk covered at one end with reptile or fish skin and were struck with the hands. Later, the skin was taken from hunted game or cattle, and sticks were used. The double-headed drum came later, as did pottery drums in various shapes”. Basically “Bangin' on the bongos like a chimpanzee¹” was probably our first artistic expression in the realm of music. (¹ Money for Nothing—Dire Straits)

The next logical step up from percussion instruments may have been in the woodwind or string family. Imagine a primitive man fascinated by the sound of the wind blowing over some hollow reed, then recreating the effect for his fellow villagers at the next log bashing party, what a hit he would have been! Regular life of the party, such as it was.

Panpipes would have been an easy progression for the primitive mind of the time, stick a bunch of varying length reeds together and voila, let the good times roll. The move from the panpipe to the flute must have taken a much greater leap of faith for the period, yet wooden and bone flutes discovered in china have been dated as far back as 9,000 years ago, and one bone flute made from mammoth bone dates back 35,000 years and has a 4 note scale comparable to the Do, Re, Mi, Fa, scale that was so adamantly drummed into our little grade school heads.

So some concept of a musical scale existed even if the designer merely chose sounds that were pleasing to him. Still the jump from blowing over a hollow reed to blowing down a tube with graduated fingering holes was a large one.

The string section most likely started when some brave soul realized that the sinews garnered from the animals they hunted had uses beyond the traditional binding and stitching functions. From the simple, primitive musical “twang” of a string stretched on a bow as in the Brazilian “berimbau” to the myriad of complex stringed instruments in use today, from violins, to guitars, to pianos, and the many cultural variations thereof.

Pythagoras was credited with the mathematics of music as we know it today. His followers “The Pythagoreans” were all musicians as well as mathematicians. According to legend, Pythagoras discovered that musical notes could be translated into mathematical equations when passing blacksmiths at work, and thought that the sounds of their anvils being hit were harmonious and decided that the scientific law causing this to happen must be mathematical and could be applied to music. He went to the blacksmiths and discovered that the anvils were simple ratios of each other, one was half the size of the first, another was 2/3 the size, and so on. The music of the time being un-harmonious in his opinion, (probably due to instrument makers using scale pleasing to them with no regard for what others were doing). The legend also has Pythagoras studying the vibrations of a string stretched tightly between two posts, and basing his musical scale on the frequency of the vibration when the string length was changed.

When you attach a string between two posts and pull it tight, you can create sound or musical notes by plucking on the string. The vibration of the string will create a fundamental frequency, according to the length, tension and mass of the string. The string can also vibrate at multiples of its fundamental frequency. These are called harmonics.

If the dimensions of the string or wire are correct, the sound made from plucking the string will be a pleasant musical sound, if they are slightly different, the sound may not be musical and just be a sound. In most cases, the string will vibrate at the fundamental frequency or 1st harmonic. But if you pull the string harder, it can be made to vibrate with a shorter wavelength and higher frequency or the 2nd harmonic, 3rd harmonic or even higher.

Pythagoras and his school did experiments to discover the relations between musical notes. The pitch of a note being played on, say, a guitar depends on:

-The length of the string.

-The tension of the string.

-The material the string is made of.

題型難度分析

判斷和配對題是經典的搭配，前者相比之下稍微容易，是應該把握分數之處。

題型技巧分析

段落細節配對難度較大，建議考生放在本篇文章所有題型的最后去做。做時注意切不可逐題去原文整篇文章搜尋答案，這樣會導致文章來來回回看很多遍，耗時太長。

1. 劃出所有題目的keywords, 同時考慮到有可能出現近義替換的詞，有針對性的去原文尋找答案。比如：看到be conscious of立刻想到雅思高頻近義替換是be aware of…, 看到reproduce想到copy。

2. 某些題目可以對題目進行細致的分析。平時通過精讀多多熟悉文章結構安排，了解行文模式。

3. 做題時以文章為基準，每看一段，瀏覽題目中的keywords是否與其相關。

劍橋雅思推薦原文練習

劍4 The Aim and Nature of Archaeology

考試趨勢分析和備考指導：

1. 此次考試前兩篇文章不是很難，大多數考生反應第三篇的長難單詞偏多，話題熟悉度不夠。整體難度為中上等。

2. 傳統題型仍然居多，配對，判斷題尤甚，heading次之。小題型中，填空近期常出現。

3. 本次考試的前兩篇是舊文章，話題背景知識的積累和普及建立在對機經的回顧上。

4. 考生應多分析劍橋系列中具有代表性的文章，尤其是了解其行文結構。

5. 閱讀考試的難度有上升趨勢，復習時應選擇一些有難度的文章，題目加以練習。