考試日期：

2013年4月6日

Reading Passage 1

Title:

Radio

Question types:

Sentence completion填空；

Multiple choice單選題

文章內(nèi)容回顧

講收音機(jī)的制作歷史以及制作步驟和流程

英文原文閱讀

Radio is the wireless transmission of signals through free space by electromagnetic radiation of a frequency significantly below that of visible light, in the radio frequency range, from about 30 kHz to 300 GHz. These waves are called radio waves. Electromagnetic radiation travels by means of oscillating electromagnetic fields that pass through the air and the vacuum of space.

Information, such as sound, is carried by systematically changing (modulating) some property of the radiated waves, such as their amplitude, frequency, phase, or pulse width. When radio waves strike an electrical conductor, the oscillating fields induce an alternating current in the conductor. The information in the waves can be extracted and transformed back into its original form.

The etymology of "radio" or "radiotelegraphy" reveals that it was called "wireless telegraphy," which was shortened to "wireless" in Britain. The prefix radio- in the sense of wireless transmission, was first recorded in the word radioconductor, a description provided by the French physicist Édouard Branly in 1897. It is based on the verb to radiate (in Latin "radius" means "spoke of a wheel, beam of light, ray").

The word "radio" also appears in a 1907 article by Lee De Forest. It was adopted by the United States Navy in 1912, to distinguish radio from several other wireless communication technologies, such as the photophone. The term became common by the time of the first commercial broadcasts in the United States in the 1920s. (The noun "broadcasting" itself came from an agricultural term, meaning "scattering seeds widely.") The term was adopted by other languages in Europe and Asia. British Commonwealth countries continued to commonly use the term "wireless" until the mid-20th century, though the magazine of the BBC in the UK has been called Radio Times ever since it was first published in the early 1920s.

In recent years the more general term "wireless" has gained renewed popularity through the rapid growth of short-range computer networking, e.g., Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth, as well as mobile telephony, e.g., GSM and UMTS. Today, the term "radio" specifies the actual type of transceiver device or chip, whereas "wireless" refers to the lack of physical connections; one talks about radio transceivers, but about wireless devices and wireless sensor networks.

題型難度分析

根據(jù)考生回憶第一篇閱讀非常簡(jiǎn)單，是機(jī)經(jīng)中的一篇。

題型技巧分析

本篇有填空題，填空題的做題步驟：

1. 讀題目要求，主要看字?jǐn)?shù)要求，一般不超過(guò)三個(gè)或兩個(gè)，一定要看清楚

2. 讀題目，并劃出關(guān)鍵詞，關(guān)鍵詞首先是特殊的比如人名地名時(shí)間數(shù)字等，如果沒(méi)有這些詞，那就劃出名詞

3. 對(duì)所填的空進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)，預(yù)測(cè)所填空的詞性，單復(fù)數(shù)情況

4. 根據(jù)劃出的關(guān)鍵詞去文中定位

5. 對(duì)定位部分進(jìn)行分析，選出答案

選擇題的做題步驟

1. 閱讀指令 (Instruction)

這一步驟主要是針對(duì)多項(xiàng)選擇而言的，單項(xiàng)選擇題的指令幾乎沒(méi)有作用。在多項(xiàng)選擇題中，指令中會(huì)提示正確選項(xiàng)的數(shù)量，在謄寫(xiě)答題卡的時(shí)候，一定要注意多項(xiàng)選擇題的題號(hào)，一個(gè)正確選項(xiàng)占用一個(gè)題號(hào)。這一點(diǎn)對(duì)于初次接觸雅思的考生來(lái)說(shuō)要特別引起注意。

2. 閱讀題干，劃出定位詞

由于選擇題考察細(xì)節(jié)的特點(diǎn)，故題干中的詞往往能夠提供定位

3. 閱讀選項(xiàng)，劃出核心詞

在尋找正確答案之前，一定要事先通讀選項(xiàng)，因?yàn)檫x項(xiàng)提供了對(duì)原文正確或者是錯(cuò)誤的同義轉(zhuǎn)換。但是由于選項(xiàng)較長(zhǎng)，不可能一次性全部記住，所以有必要把選項(xiàng)里的核心詞劃出來(lái)，這樣可以減輕記憶負(fù)擔(dān)，并且更加有針對(duì)性地做題。

4. 找到相關(guān)句子段落，擺脫干擾找到答案

這是做題的最后一個(gè)步驟，也是最重要的步驟。由于選擇項(xiàng)的干擾性往往很強(qiáng)，所以對(duì)找到的相關(guān)句子或段落一定要進(jìn)行仔細(xì)閱讀，排除錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。甄別干擾項(xiàng)這一步驟是考生解題的關(guān)鍵，很多考生往往對(duì)幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)猶豫不決，經(jīng)常跳進(jìn)題目的陷阱。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，干擾項(xiàng)有如下幾個(gè)類(lèi)別：

1) 數(shù)字陷阱

選擇題的特點(diǎn)便是選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行深度的同義轉(zhuǎn)換。但是如果個(gè)別選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)了數(shù)字，往往意味著這個(gè)數(shù)字直接來(lái)源于文章，沒(méi)有進(jìn)行任何同義替換。這種干擾選項(xiàng)對(duì)于根本讀不懂原文的考生有著致命的誘惑力，因?yàn)橹挥袛?shù)字是熟悉的，其它的單詞都讀不懂。數(shù)字選項(xiàng)中，數(shù)字在文章中都有提及，但經(jīng)常是通過(guò)移花接木的形式出現(xiàn)的，以干擾考生的注意力。

2) 相似陷阱

同理，如果題目中出現(xiàn)的個(gè)別單詞與原文中的用詞一模一樣，尤其是一些經(jīng)常被同義替換掉的動(dòng)詞、形容詞等，這個(gè)選項(xiàng)往往就是干擾選項(xiàng)。

3) 偷換概念陷阱

有時(shí)候選項(xiàng)中雖然與文中有對(duì)應(yīng)的詞，但選項(xiàng)中偷換了關(guān)鍵性的成分（如謂語(yǔ)部分），使得答案錯(cuò)誤。

4) 搭配不當(dāng)陷阱

這是最具有誘惑性的選項(xiàng)。這種選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)是：選項(xiàng)本身是正確的，但是跟題干卻不能形成搭配關(guān)系。很多考生看到選項(xiàng)和原文內(nèi)容相似，甚至還有同義轉(zhuǎn)換，便毫不猶豫地選擇了這樣的干擾項(xiàng)。

劍橋雅思推薦原文練習(xí)

劍4 Test 1 Passage 1

劍5 Test 3 Passage 1

Reading Passage 2

Title:

厄爾尼諾

Question types:

Multiple choice;

TRUE /FALSE /NOT GIVEN

文章內(nèi)容回顧

環(huán)境類(lèi)的，通過(guò)對(duì)seabirds的研究來(lái)觀察海洋生物和厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象。

英文原文閱讀

El Nino, an abnormal warming of surface ocean waters in the eastern tropical Pacific, is one part of what's called the Southern Oscillation. The Southern Oscillation is the see-saw pattern of reversing surface air pressure between the eastern and western tropical Pacific; when the surface pressure is high in the eastern tropical Pacific it is low in the western tropical Pacific, and vice-versa. Because the ocean warming and pressure reversals are, for the most part, simultaneous, scientists call this phenomenon the El Nino/Southern Oscillation or ENSO for short. South American fishermen have given this phenomenon the name El Nino, which is Spanish for "The Christ Child," because it comes about the time of the celebration of the birth of the Christ Child-Christmas.

To really understand the effects of an El Nino event, compare the normal conditions of the Pacific region and then see what happens during El Nino below.

Scientists do not really understand how El Nino forms. It is believed that El Nino may have contributed to the 1993 Mississippi and 1995 California floods, drought conditions in South America, Africa and Australia. It is also believed that El Nino contributed to the lack of serious storms such as hurricanes in the North Atlantic which spared states like Florida from serious storm related damage.

Unfortunately not all El Nino's are the same nor does the atmosphere always react in the same way from one El Nino to another. This is why NASA's Earth scientists continue to take part in international efforts to understand El Nino events. Hopefully one day scientists will be able to provide sufficient warning so that we can be better prepared to deal with the damages and changes that El Nino causes in the weather.

題型難度分析

根據(jù)考生回憶，本篇也是機(jī)經(jīng)中的一篇文章，比較簡(jiǎn)單，去年就考過(guò)，但后面的題目在考試中變了。

題型技巧分析

是非無(wú)判斷題是雅思閱讀考試的經(jīng)典題型，雖然今年的題量相對(duì)減少，但是仍是復(fù)習(xí)備考時(shí)應(yīng)關(guān)注的題型。

首先應(yīng)該注意看清是TRUE還是YES, 本篇是TRUE /FALSE /NOT GIVEN

解題步驟：

1. 速讀問(wèn)題的句子，找出考點(diǎn)詞（容易有問(wèn)題的部分）。考點(diǎn)詞：比較級(jí)，最高級(jí)，數(shù)據(jù)（時(shí)間），程度副詞，特殊形容詞，絕對(duì)化的詞（only, most, each, any, every, the same as等）

2. 排除考點(diǎn)詞，在余下的詞中找定位詞，去原文定位。

3. 重點(diǎn)考察考點(diǎn)詞是否有提及，是否正確。

TRUE的原則是同義替換，至少有一組近義詞。

FALSE是題目和原文截然相反，不可共存，通常有至少一組反義詞。

NOT GIVEN是原文未提及，不做任何推斷，尤其多考察題目的主語(yǔ)等名詞在原文是否有提及。

劍橋雅思推薦原文練習(xí)

劍3 Test 4 Passage 1

Reading Passage 3

Title:

無(wú)家可歸的青年

Question types:

Pick from a list; summary with a box; YES /NO /NOT GIVEN

文章內(nèi)容回顧

這篇主要講流浪青少年的問(wèn)題，關(guān)注街頭兒童，和劍橋4 Test 3 Passage 1文章話題相似。

英文原文閱讀

DEFINITIONS AND DIMENSIONS

Homeless youth are individuals under the age of eighteen who lack parental, foster, or institutional care. These young people are sometimes referred to as "unaccompanied" youth.

The number of the homeless youth is estimated by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention in the US Department of Justice. Their most recent study, published in 2002, reported there are an estimated 1,682,900 homeless and runaway youth. This number is equally divided among males and females, and the majority of them are between the ages of 15 and 17 (Molino, 2007). According to the U.S. Conference of Mayors, unaccompanied youth account for 1% of the urban homeless population, (U.S. Conference of Mayors, 2007). According to the National Network of Runaway and Youth Services, six percent of homeless youth are gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender (GLBT) (Molino, 2007). The number of homeless teenagers who are pregnant is estimated to be somewhere between six and twenty-two percent. (Health Resources and Services Administration 2001) According to the National Alliance to End Homelessness, five to seven percent of American youths become homeless in any given year. (NAEH, 2007)

CAUSES

Causes of homelessness among youth fall into three inter-related categories: family problems, economic problems, and residential instability.

Many homeless youth leave home after years of physical and sexual abuse, strained relationships, addiction of a family member, and parental neglect. Disruptive family conditions are the principal reason that young people leave home: in one study, more than half of the youth interviewed during shelter stays reported that their parents either told them to leave or knew they were leaving and did not care (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (a), 1995). In another study, 46% of runaway and homeless youth had been physically abused and 17% were forced into unwanted sexual activity by a family or household member (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (c), 1997).

Some youth may become homeless when their families suffer financial crises resulting from lack of affordable housing, limited employment opportunities, insufficient wages, no medical insurance, or inadequate welfare benefits. These youth become homeless with their families, but are later separated from them by shelter, transitional housing, or child welfare policies (Shinn and Weitzman, 1996).

Residential instability also contributes to homelessness among youth. A history of foster care correlates with becoming homeless at an earlier age and remaining homeless for a longer period of time (Roman and Wolfe, 1995). Some youth living in residential or institutional placements become homeless upon discharge -- they are too old for foster care but are discharged with no housing or income support (Robertson, 1996). One national study reported that more than one in five youth who arrived at shelters came directly from foster care, and that more than one in four had been in foster care in the previous year (National Association of Social Workers, 1992).

CONSEQUENCES

Homeless youth face many challenges on the streets. Few homeless youth are housed in emergency shelters as a result of lack of shelter beds for youth, shelter admission policies, and a preference for greater autonomy (Robertson, 1996). Because of their age, homeless youth have few legal means by which they can earn enough money to meet basic needs. Many homeless adolescents find that exchanging sex for food, clothing, and shelter is their only chance of survival on the streets. In turn, homeless youth are at a greater risk of contracting AIDS or HIV-related illnesses. Estimates for percentages of homeless youth infected with HIV are generally around 5%, but one study in San Francisco found that 17% of homeless youths were infected (Health Resources and Services Administration 2001). It has been suggested that the rate of HIV prevalence for homeless youth may be as much as 2 to 10 times higher than the rates reported for other samples of adolescents in the United States (National Network for Youth, 1998).

Homeless adolescents often suffer from severe anxiety and depression, poor health and nutrition, and low self-esteem. In one study, the rates of major depression, conduct disorder, and post-traumatic stress syndrome were found to be 3 times as high among runaway youth as among youth who have not run away (Robertson, 1989).

Furthermore, homeless youth face difficulties attending school because of legal guardianship requirements, residency requirements, improper records, and lack of transportation. As a result, homeless youth face severe challenges in obtaining an education and supporting themselves emotionally and financially.

PROGRAM AND POLICY ISSUES

Homeless youth benefit from programs that meet immediate needs first and then help them address other aspects of their lives. Programs that minimize institutional demands and offer a range of services have had success in helping homeless youth regain stability (Robertson, 1996). Educational outreach programs, assistance in locating job training and employment, transitional living programs, and health care especially designed for and directed at homeless youth are also needed. In the long term, homeless youth would benefit from many of the same measures that are needed to fight poverty and homelessness in the adult population, including the provision of affordable housing and employment that pays a living wage. In addition to these basic supports, the child welfare system must make every effort to prevent children from ending up on the streets.

題型難度分析

生詞較少，相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單

題型技巧分析

Summary題，有順序原則。

先關(guān)注instruction字?jǐn)?shù)限制，有些題目在字?jǐn)?shù)限制前，還有段落限制，告訴考生這個(gè)題目是針對(duì)哪個(gè)段落的。

其次，通讀summary, 并且劃出關(guān)鍵詞，主要包括名詞，連接詞，介詞，不定冠詞。

然后根據(jù)空格前后的信息，預(yù)測(cè)空格上的單詞（單復(fù)數(shù)，可數(shù)與否，詞性，-ing, -ed, 固定搭配等）

如果是有選項(xiàng)的摘要題，還要通讀選項(xiàng)。

同時(shí)注意無(wú)選項(xiàng)的文章摘要題，在寫(xiě)答案的時(shí)候，單詞一定要來(lái)自于文章中。

多選題一般答案具有集中性的特點(diǎn)，會(huì)在一到三段內(nèi)出答案。

劍橋雅思推薦原文練習(xí)

劍4 Test 3 Passage 1