| 考試日期： | 2013年1月5日 |
| Reading Passage 1 | |
| Title: | The impact of advertisement on children (MS) |
| Question types: | List of headings (7) Yes/No/Not Given(6) |
| 文章內容回顧 | 講廣告和小孩飲食的。電視廣告對兒童飲食習慣以及營養概念的影響；一些小孩子吃垃圾食品并沒有增加其對營養的知識；食品廣告與兒童肥胖癥之間的關系；進一步的研究；倡議我們應該有所行動。2010年3月27日舊題。 |
| 英文原文閱讀 | 托福TPO中正好有一篇也是講廣告和孩子的，背景有點相似，各位考生和老師可以參考一下。 Children and Advertising Young children are trusting of commercial advertisements in the media, and advertisers have sometimes been accused of taking advantage of this trusting outlook. The Independent Television Commission, regulator of television advertising in the United Kingdom, has criticized advertisers for ‘misleadingness'—creating a wrong impression either intentionally or unintentionally—in an effort to control advertisers' use of techniques that make it difficult for children to judge the true size, action, performance, or construction of a toy. General concern about misleading tactics that advertisers employ is centered on the use of exaggeration. Consumer protection groups and parents believe that children are largely ill-equipped to recognize such techniques and that often exaggeration is used at the expense of product information. Claims such as "the best' or “better than" can be subjective and misleading; even adults may be unsure as to their meaning. They represent the advertiser's opinions about the qualities of their products or brand and, as a consequence, are difficult to verify. Advertisers sometimes offset or counterbalance an exaggerated claim with a disclaimer—a qualification or condition on the claim. For example, the claim that breakfast cereal has a health benefit may be accompanied by the disclaimer "when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast.' However, research has shown that children often have difficulty understanding disclaimers: children may interpret the phrase 'when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast" to mean that the cereal is required as a necessary part of a balanced breakfast. The author George Comstock suggested that less than a quarter of children between the ages of six and eight years old understood standard disclaimers used in many toy advertisements and that disclaimers are more readily comprehended when presented in both audio and visual formats. Nevertheless, disclaimers are mainly presented in audio format only. Fantasy is one of the more common techniques in advertising that could possibly mislead a young audience. Child-oriented advertisements are more likely to include magic and fantasy than advertisements aimed at adults. In a content analysis of Canadian television, the author Stephen Kline observed that nearly all commercials for character toys featured fantasy play. Children have strong imaginations and the use of fantasy brings their ideas to life, but children may not be adept enough to realize that what they are viewing is unreal. Fantasy situations and settings are frequently used to attract children's attention, particularly in food advertising. Advertisements for breakfast cereals have, for many years, been found to be especially fond of fantasy techniques, with almost nine out of ten including such content. Generally, there is uncertainty as to whether very young children can distinguish between fantasy and reality in advertising. Certainly, rational appeals in advertising aimed at children are limited, as most advertisements use emotional and indirect appeals to psychological states or associations. The use of celebrities such as singers and movie stars is common in advertising. The intention is for the positively perceived attributes of the celebrity to be transferred to the advertised product and for the two to become automatically linked in the audience's mind. In children's advertising, the celebrities are often animated figures from popular cartoons In the recent past, the role of celebrities in advertising to children has often been conflated with the concept of host selling. Host selling involves blending advertisements with regular programming in a way that makes it difficult to distinguish one from the other. Host selling occurs, for example, when a children's show about a cartoon lion contains an ad in which the same lion promotes a breakfast cereal. The psychologist Dale Kunkel showed that the practice of host selling reduced children's ability to distinguish between advertising and program material. It was also found that older children responded more positively to products in host selling advertisements. Regarding the appearance of celebrities in advertisements that do not involve host selling, the evidence is mixed. Researcher Charles Atkin found that children believe that the characters used to advertise breakfast cereals are knowledgeable about cereals, and children accept such characters as credible sources of nutritional information. This finding was even more marked for heavy viewers of television. In addition, children feel validated in their choice of a product when a celebrity endorses that product. A study of children in Hong Kong, however, found that the presence of celebrities in advertisements could negatively affect the children’s perceptions of a product if the children did not like the celebrity in question. |
| 題型難度分析 | 文章難度適中，背景也不新穎，關鍵是題型搭配非常直白，具體分析請看下面。 |
| 題型技巧分析 | 此文具體的題型編排非常簡單，考生能在朗閣“精六六五閱寫補充練習”上找到多篇類似的文章，比如P264、P214。這些文章都是headings + 判斷的搭配。此種搭配非常適合“平行閱讀”。全文以判斷題為解題重點，每讀一段就解決里面的細節題，然后解決段落相應的headings。這樣可以盡量讀一遍文章解決大部分題目。 |
| 劍橋雅思推薦原文練習 | 劍8 Test 1 Passage 2 劍7 Test 1 Passage 2 |
| Reading Passage 2 | |
| Title: | Coastal Sculpture |
| Question types: | 段落細節配對(5) 分類配對(5) 完成句子(3) |
| 文章內容回顧 | 首段：大致介紹海岸雕像的存在；Section B: 關于第一個雕像的豎立過程、問題、現狀；Section C: 關于第二個雕像的豎立經歷、細節、及其受歡迎的現狀；Section D: 關于第三個教堂雕像，因為海水侵蝕消失了，而今重新雕刻，受到阻礙，有個人的勸解，改變了公眾的看法，之后接受了雕像，如今雕像可以使得該地區重回當年的繁榮時代。 |
| 題型難度分析 | 此文的文章敘述難度一般，就是題型中有“段落細節配對”這個人見人煩的題型，對考生的心理是個挑戰。 |
| 題型技巧分析 | 此篇文章的重點和難點在于“段落細節配對”。做這個題型的題目絕對不能操之過急，甚至可以不把這個題型作為重點題型去處理。有些學生帶著灑脫的心態來做這個題型，做對幾個算幾個。個人認為這種策略總比方寸大亂來得好。 |
| 劍橋雅思推薦原文練習 | 劍8 Test 1 Passage 1（題型編排比較相似） |
| Reading Passage 3 | |
| Title: | Talc |
| Question types: | Matching Summary 簡答題 |
| 文章內容回顧 | 首部分講滑石粉概述，后面是口香糖制作，橄欖油和農產品保護中橄欖油的用法；最后是講滑石粉對農作物的意義，并在最后一段說，會在葡萄種植農身上首先試用。2010年3月6日舊題。 |
| 題型難度分析 | 此文難度適中，不偏。 |
| 題型技巧分析 | 這篇文章的題型編排又非常適合使用“平行閱讀”。我們可以把后面兩個題型作為解題重點，而把matching作為附帶的題型。在做題過程中以后兩個題型的關鍵詞為主進行閱讀，哪里出現matching的關鍵詞再進行比較詳細的閱讀。類似matching這樣的不按順序出題的題型我們千萬不能把它作為主攻對象，而應把注意力放在那些按順序出的題目上，比如這篇文章中的Summary和簡答題。 |
（責任編輯：liushengbao）
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